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<title>Al-Ruhawi</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Ruhawi</span></span>

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<p><b>Ishāq bin Ali al-Rohawi</b> (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إسحاق بن علي الرهاوي</span>) was a 9th-century author of the first <a href="Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a> <a href="Book" title="Book">book</a> in <a href="Arabic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic medicine">Arabic medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>His <i>Ethics of the Physician</i> contains the first documented description for <a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> processes. The processes gave the fundamentals of peer review processes where practising <a href="Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Arab physicians</a> were reviewed by peers on the medical treatment they provide to their patients. If the treatment of a patient was incorrectly done with negative peer reviews, then the physician is at a lawsuit liability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Al-Ruhawi was probably from Al-Ruha, modern-day <a href="%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a>. It is often known as <i>Urfa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-levey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not much is known about Al-Rahawi, including his beliefs. The author Levey stated in his book that Al-Rahawi was a Christian while the author Burgel wrote that Al-Rahawi was Jewish. However, both authors did not give evidence to support their argument, rather having it based on their interpretations.

</p><p>Although there are conflictions in these two beliefs, there is evidence to prove that Al-Rahawi had Islamic beliefs. Al-Rahawi began his book with the words "In the name of Allah," which is a traditional opening for Muslims. Additionally, Al-Rahawi uses the word "Allah" hundreds of times in his work, which is associated with Islam. There is also more proof for the Islamic beliefs of Al-Ruhawi in another area of his writing where he hints towards the five pillars of Islam. In his introduction of the first chapter for one of his books, Al-Ruhawi writes the following: "The first thing in which a physician must believe is that all in this world has only one able creator who performs all deeds wilfully. The second article of faith in which a physician must believe is that he have credence in the great Allah with a firm affection, and is devoted to Him with all his reason, soul, and free will. The third faith which a physician must possess is that Allah sent His messengers to mankind to teach them what is good since the mind alone is not sufficient. Thus, without His apostles, it is not enough for man...... In all these matters, the physician must truly believe since all the holy books and ancients affirm them. No believer can deny them."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div>

<p>Al-Ruhawi's most celebrated work is <i><a href="Adab_al-Tabib" title="Adab al-Tabib">Adab al-Tabib</a></i> ("Practical Ethics of the Physician" or "Practical Medical <a href="Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a>"), the earliest surviving Arabic work on medical ethics. In his works, Al-Ruhawi's regarded physicians as "guardians of souls and bodies". The work was based on <a href="Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> and <a href="Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> and consisted of twenty chapters on various topics related to medical ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-levey_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Al- Ruhawi also wrote the following books:<sup id="cite_ref-aksoy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aksoy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><i>A compilation of first four books of Alexandrian Canons</i></li>

<li><i>Introduction to <a href="Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">Dialectics</a> for Beginners</i></li>

<li><i>On Examination of Physicians</i></li></ul>

<p>He compiled two works based on <a href="Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-levey_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPrioreschi2001" class="citation book cs1">Prioreschi, Plinio (2001). <i>A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine</i> (1st ed.). Omaha, NE: Horatius Press. p. 394. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-888456-04-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpier2002" class="citation cs2">Spier, Ray (August 2002), "The History of the Peer-Review Process", <i>Trends in Biotechnology</i>, <b>20</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>358, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-7799%2802%2901985-6">10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01985-6</a>, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-7799">0167-7799</a>, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12127284">12127284</a>.</cite><br><cite id="CITEREFAl_Kawi1997" class="citation cs2">Al Kawi, M. Zuheir (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/Old/173/96-301ed.pdf">"History of Medical Records and Peer Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="Annals_of_Saudi_Medicine" title="Annals of Saudi Medicine">Annals of Saudi Medicine</a></i>, <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">277–</span>278, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5144%2F0256-4947.1997.277">10.5144/0256-4947.1997.277</a>, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17369721">17369721</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-levey-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-levey_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-levey_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-levey_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLevey1967" class="citation journal cs1">Levey, Martin (1967). "Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam with Special Reference to Al-Ruhāwī's "Practical Ethics of the Physician"". <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. New Series. <b>57</b> (3). American Philosophical Society: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>100. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1006137">10.2307/1006137</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9746">0065-9746</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006137">1006137</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAksoy" class="citation web cs1">Aksoy, Sahin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ishim.net/ishimj/5/03.pdf">"The Religious Tradition of Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ishim.net</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-aksoy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aksoy_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAksoy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aksoy, Sahin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/5/03.pdf">"The Religious Tradition of Ishaq ibn Ali Al-Ruhawi : The Author of the First Medical Ethics Book in Islamic Medicine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine</i>. <b>3</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>11.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.eshia.ir/40580/9/370/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C">lib.eshia.ir</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Persian)</span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Islamic_medicine183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abu_Hafsa_Yazid" title="Abu Hafsa Yazid">Abu Hafsa Yazid</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Harith_ibn_Kalada" title="Al-Harith ibn Kalada">Al-Harith ibn Kalada</a></li>

<li><a href="Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Abi_Ramtha_al-Tamimi" title="Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi">Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Uthal" title="Ibn Uthal">Ibn Uthal</a></li>

<li><a href="Masarjawaih" title="Masarjawaih">Masarjawaih</a></li>

<li><a href="Nafi_ibn_al-Harith" title="Nafi ibn al-Harith">Nafi ibn al-Harith</a></li>

<li><a href="Rufaida_Al-Aslamia" title="Rufaida Al-Aslamia">Rufaida Al-Aslamia</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaynab_al-Awadiya" title="Zaynab al-Awadiya">Zaynab al-Awadiya</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li>

<li><a href="Ja'far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'ar al-Sadiq</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li>

<li><a href="Albubather" title="Albubather">Albubather</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_al-Ridha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Ridha">Ali al-Ridha</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li>

<li><a href="Bukhtishu" title="Bukhtishu">Bukhtishu</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Ishaq_ibn_Hunayn" title="Ishaq ibn Hunayn">Ishaq ibn Hunayn</a></li>

<li><a href="Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jabril_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Jabril ibn Bukhtishu">Jabril ibn Bukhtishu</a></li>

<li><a href="Masawaiyh" title="Masawaiyh">Masawaiyh</a></li>

<li><a href="Salmawaih_ibn_Bunan" title="Salmawaih ibn Bunan">Salmawaih ibn Bunan</a></li>

<li><a href="Shapur_ibn_Sahl" title="Shapur ibn Sahl">Shapur ibn Sahl</a></li>

<li><a href="Yahya_ibn_Sarafyun" title="Yahya ibn Sarafyun">Yahya ibn Sarafyun</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuhanna_ibn_Bukhtishu" title="Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu">Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu</a></li>

<li><a href="Yusuf_al-Khuri" title="Yusuf al-Khuri">Yusuf al-Khuri</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="'Ali_ibn_al-'Abbas_al-Majusi" title="'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi">'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi</a></li>

<li><a href="Aayon_Ibn_Aayon" title="Aayon Ibn Aayon">Aayon Ibn Aayon</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Bakr_Rabee_Ibn_Ahmad_Al-Akhawyni_Bokhari" title="Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari">Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Sahl_'Isa_ibn_Yahya_al-Masihi" title="Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi">Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_al-Hasan_al-Tabari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari">Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_al-Qasim_Muqane'i" title="Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i">Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_ul-Ala_Shirazi" title="Abu ul-Ala Shirazi">Abu ul-Ala Shirazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Kashkari" title="Al-Kashkari">Al-Kaŝkarī</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Natili" title="Al-Natili">Al-Natili</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Tamimi%2C_the_physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tamimi, the physician">Al-Tamimi, the physician</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Abi_al-Ash%CA%BFath" title="Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath">Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Juljul" title="Ibn Juljul">Ibn Juljul</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Jazzar" title="Ibn al-Jazzar">Ibn al-Jazzar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibrahim_ibn_Baks" title="Ibrahim ibn Baks">Ibrahim ibn Baks</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohammed_ibn_Abdun_al-Jabali" title="Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali">Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Muvaffak</a></li>

<li><a href="Qumri" title="Qumri">Qumri</a></li>

<li><a href="Qusta_ibn_Luqa" title="Qusta ibn Luqa">Qusta ibn Luqa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abdollah_ibn_Bukhtishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu">Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_'Ubayd_al-Juzjani" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_al-Hakam_al-Kirmani" title="Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani">Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Kahhal" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal">Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_ibn_Yusuf_al-Ilaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi">Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ammar_al-Mawsili" title="Ammar al-Mawsili">Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili</a></li>

<li><a href="Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Badi'_al-Asturlabi" title="Al-Badi' al-Asturlabi">Badi' al-Asturlabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Abi_Sadiq" title="Ibn Abi Sadiq">Ibn Abi Sadiq</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Al-Thahabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Thahabi">Ibn Al-Thahabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Butlan" title="Ibn Butlan">Ibn Butlan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Hindu" title="Ibn Hindu">Ibn Hindu</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Jazla" title="Ibn Jazla">Ibn Jazla</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Kattani" title="Ibn al-Kattani">Ibn al-Kattani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wafid</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li>

<li><a href="Masawaih_al-Mardini" title="Masawaih al-Mardini">Masawaih</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abu_Jafar_ibn_Harun_al-Turjali" title="Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali">Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_al-Bayan_ibn_al-Mudawwar" title="Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar">Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_al-Majd_ibn_Abi_al-Hakam" title="Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam">Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu'l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahmad_ibn_Farrokh" title="Ahmad ibn Farrokh">Ahmad ibn Farrokh</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li>

<li><a href="Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li>

<li><a href="Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Habal" title="Ibn Habal">Ibn Habal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Jumay%CA%BF" title="Ibn Jumayʿ">Ibn Jumay‘</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Tilmidh" title="Ibn al-Tilmidh">Ibn al-Tilmīdh</a></li>

<li><a href="Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moshe ben Maimon</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad_ibn_Aslam_al-Ghafiqi" title="Muhammad ibn Aslam al-Ghafiqi">Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Serapion_the_Younger" title="Serapion the Younger">Serapion the Younger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ya'qub_ibn_Ishaq_al-Israili" title="Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili">Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili</a></li>

<li><a href="Zayn_al-Din_Gorgani" title="Zayn al-Din Gorgani">Zayn al-Din Gorgani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Dakhwar" title="Al-Dakhwar">Al-Dakhwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Shahrazuri" title="Al-Shahrazuri">Al-Shahrazuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Amin_al-Din_Rashid_al-Din_Vatvat" title="Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat">Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat</a></li>

<li><a href="As-Suwaydi_(physician)" title="As-Suwaydi (physician)">As-Suwaydi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hussam_al-Din_al-Jarrahi" title="Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi">Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Abi_Usaybi'a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Ibn Abi Usaibia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Tumlus" title="Ibn Tumlus">Ibn Tumlus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Baitar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Raqqam">Ibn al‐Raqqam</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Najib_ad-Din_Samarqandi" title="Najib ad-Din Samarqandi">Najib ad-Din Samarqandi</a></li>

<li><a href="Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashidun_al-Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun al-Suri">Rashidun al-Suri</a></li>

<li><a href="Sa'ad_al-Dawla" title="Sa'ad al-Dawla">Sa'ad al-Dawla</a></li>

<li><a href="Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Nagawri" title="Al-Nagawri">Al-Nagawri</a></li>

<li><a href="Aqsara'i" title="Aqsara'i">Aqsara'i</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Shuayb" title="Ibn Shuayb">Ibn Shuayb</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Akfani" title="Ibn al-Akfani">Ibn al-Akfani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaghmini" title="Jaghmini">Jaghmini</a></li>

<li><a href="Mansur_ibn_Ilyas" title="Mansur ibn Ilyas">Mansur ibn Ilyas</a></li>

<li><a href="Mas%CA%BDud_ibn_Muhammad_Sijzi" title="Masʽud ibn Muhammad Sijzi">Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad_ibn_Mahmud_Amuli" title="Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli">Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli</a></li>

<li><a href="Najm_al-Din_Mahmud_ibn_Ilyas_al-Shirazi" title="Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi">Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nakhshabi" title="Nakhshabi">Nakhshabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadid_al-Din_al-Kazaruni" title="Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni">Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni</a></li>

<li><a href="Yusuf_ibn_Ismail_al-Kutubi" title="Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi">Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zayn-e-Attar" title="Zayn-e-Attar">Zayn-e-Attar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Burhan-ud-din_Kermani" title="Burhan-ud-din Kermani">Burhan-ud-din Kermani</a></li>

<li><a href="Husayni_Isfahani" title="Husayni Isfahani">Husayni Isfahani</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad_Ali_Astarabadi" title="Muhammad Ali Astarabadi">Muhammad Ali Astarabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Harawi" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi">Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurbakhshi" title="Nurbakhshi">Nurbakhshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaykh_Muhammad_ibn_Thaleb" title="Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb">Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabuncuo%C4%9Flu_%C5%9Eerafeddin" title="Sabuncuoğlu Şerafeddin">Şerafeddin Kadir</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rostam_Gorgani" title="Rostam Gorgani">Rostam Gorgani</a></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BDImad_Shirazi" title="ʽImad Shirazi">ʽImad Shirazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Abul_Qasim_ibn_Mohammed_al-Ghassani" title="Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani">Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani</a></li>

<li><a href="Dawud_al-Antaki" title="Dawud al-Antaki">Dawud al-Antaki</a></li>

<li><a href="Hakim-e-Gilani" title="Hakim-e-Gilani">Hakim-e-Gilani</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultan_Ali_Khorasani" title="Sultan Ali Khorasani">Sultan Ali Khorasani</a></li>

<li><a href="Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma'ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Qiwam_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Hasani" title="Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani">Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani</a></li>

<li><a href="Abd_El_Razzaq_Al-Jaza%C3%AFri" title="Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri">Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri</a></li>

<li><a href="Qurayshi_al-Shirazi" title="Qurayshi al-Shirazi">Qurayshi al-Shirazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunakabuni" title="Tunakabuni">Tunakabuni</a></li>

<li><a href="Maqsud-Ali_Tabrizi" title="Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi">Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Khurasani_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi">Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah" title="Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah">Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Anatomy_Charts_of_the_Arabs" title="Anatomy Charts of the Arabs">Anatomy Charts of the Arabs</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_the_Ten_Treatises_of_the_Eye" title="Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye">Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus">De Gradibus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Al-Tasrif" title="Al-Tasrif">Al-Tasrif</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Zakhireye_Khwarazmshahi" title="Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi">Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Adab_al-Tabib" title="Adab al-Tabib">Adab al-Tabib</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kamel_al-Sanaat_al-Tibbyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya">Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Commentary_on_Anatomy_in_Avicenna's_Canon" title="Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon">Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ibn_Abi_Usaybi'a" title="Ibn Abi Usaybi'a">Lives of the Physicians</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-'Adudi_Hospital" title="Al-'Adudi Hospital">Al-'Adudi Hospital</a></li>

<li><a href="Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimarestan</a></li>

<li><a href="Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Nur al-Din Bimaristan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient Iranian medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences" title="Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences">Ibn Sina Academy</a></li>

<li><a href="Learned_medicine" title="Learned medicine">Learned medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medical Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-12-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Al-Ruhawi&oldid=1264249531">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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